Federalist verses anti-Federalists: Taxes.

During the framing of the Constitution, our founding fathers quarreled over many issues. The issue of taxation was no different. The two main schools of thought, in regards to taxation, resided between Federalists and anti-Federalist parties. Federalists pushed for national authority over the power to tax, in addition to state proposals. Anti-Federalists objected to federal authority to tax, feeling the power would be illiberally abused.[1] There were, however, issues in which the majority of the founding fathers agreed upon. Contrary to today’s popular beliefs, many of the founding fathers believed the poor should be taxed at a higher rate, in an attempt to motivate them to work thus propelling them out of their poverty.  Also conflicting with modern beliefs, they felt those who worked should be taxed less heavily so as to remunerate them for their endeavors: “To take from one, because it is thought that his own industry and that of his fathers has acquired too much, in order to spare to others, who, or whose fathers have not exercised equal industry and skill, is to violate arbitrarily the first principle of association.”[2] These views are found in the founding fathers private papers as well as delineated throughout the Constitution. 

As previously mentioned, the amount of power in which the Federal Government should be granted regarding taxes, was a major altercation amid Federalist and anti-Federalist parties. To further explain these viewpoints, however, one must first understand the difference between external and internal taxation.  An external tax was a duty on any item which was being shipped to a specific colony or state. The tax would be originally paid by the shipper, but then imposed unto the item itself. This is known in present day terms as a tariff. An internal tax, however, was a tax which was imposed directly upon an item, such as a sales tax. The anti-Federalists made a clear distinction between these two types of taxes, which they argued the Federalists grouped into one category. Richard Henry Lee, a renowned anti-Federalist, argued that external taxes were safe because their abuses were minimal and bounded. In regards to internal taxation, he felt the national government would gradually shift tax policy in order to favor their personal prosperity.[3] He explained: “…the power would be improperly lodged in congress, and that it might be abused by imprudent and designing men.”  Lee also questioned the authority of those in power, and made arguments for the power to be left with the people.  “Why give the power to the few, who, when possessed of it, may have address enough to prevent the increase of representation? Why not keep the power, and, when necessary, amend the constitution”[4]

The Federalists tried the best they could to compromise on the issues being voiced at the time. Alexander Hamilton directly addressed the issue in the New York Packet writing:

“There is a simple point of view in which this [tax dispute] may be placed that must be altogether satisfactory. The national legislature can make use of the system of each state within that state. The method of laying and collecting taxes in each State can, in all its parts, be adopted and employed by the federal government.”[5]

Hamilton felt the power should reside in the Federal Government first, and then distributed throughout each state. Lee on the other hand, believed the power should reside in the state first, and maintained by the government. The preeminent argument of the Federalists remained in the belief that one could have a ‘rule of the people’ through representation of the government. Alexander Hamilton argued: “whether the representation of the people be more or less numerous, it will consist almost entirely of proprietors of land, of merchants, and of members of the learned professions, who will truly represent all those different interests and views.”  While authority cannot reside directly in the hands of each individual, he believed that within a state, but both the state and the individual are indirectly granted power by means of representation. 

            In regards to the amount which one should be taxed, Federalists, those in between, and even some anti-Federalists all thought the like. If those who were out of work are taxed a low amount, they would feel only a small need to try and get a job. If the taxes were higher, ample enough to cause burdensome upon the individual, they would need to find work in order to survive. This was the view of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George Washington, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin alike.  While this seems an extreme position to take, Benjamin Franklin argues:

 I am for doing good to the poor, but I differ in opinion of the means. -- I think the best way of doing good to the poor, is not making them easy in poverty, but leading or driving them out of it. In my youth I travelled much, and I observed in different countries, that the more public provisions were made for the poor, the less they provided for themselves, and of course became poorer. And, on the contrary, the less was done for them, the more they did for themselves, and became richer.[6] 

While the poor would clearly object to higher taxes, Franklin argues that those poor who have harder initial burdens, do better on average verses those having money given to them or deducted from payments by a higher authority. Thus, clearly objecting to tax cuts and extreme national help on low-income families. 

            When it came down to the specific arguments that were made, Federalist and anti-Federalists parties were not in disagreement of national verses no national authority. Rather, what and how much power should be given to the national authority in order to assure it would not be abused nor mistreated. Internal Taxes were one of the issues which the anti-Federalists felt would be abused. Although their opinions were different, the Founding Fathers were able to work together and compromise on the issue of taxation. As can be seen by the wording of the Constitution, which addresses the needs of both parties: “The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers”[7]

---

[1] Lee. The Anti-Federalist No. 36. 1788. p. 1

[2] Jefferson Memorial Association. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. 1903. 14:446.

[3] Lee. The Anti-Federalist No. 36. 1788. p. 1

[4] Lee. The Anti-Federalist No. 36. 1788. p. 1

[5] Hamilton. The Federalist #36: The Constitution Society. 8 Jan. 1788. p. 1

[6] Benjermin. On the Price of Corn and Management of the Poor.  1766. P. 1

[7] Jefferson. The Constitution of the United States.  1778. Article 1 section 2-8.

Matthew 16:18 Rock verse Pebble.

One of the most crucial mistakes that divides Catholicism from the other christian faiths is the translation of Matthew 16:18. For about 1400 years the translation of this verse had always been "Peter, you are rock, and upon this rock I build this church." This is what is written in Latin: "et ego dico tibi quia tu es petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam et portae inferi non praevalebunt adversum eam" and also in Aramaic, where the word "ܟܐܦܐ" is used both times to address the term rock. When translating form Aramaic, to Latin, to Greek, to English, however, there is confusion over the word. "Pertus" is changed to pebble in English and petram is translated as rock, even though, in Aramaic, Latin, and Greek (βότσαλο) they are the same. The confusion lies in the fact, that it is hard to get a good translation from the Greek, which had been already translated from two other languages into English. Thus, one should look at this verse in Latin or Aramaic. 

Miami vs Boston Game 6

The Boston Celtics took an impetuous lead in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference finals, triumphing over the Heat 94-90, and taking a 3-2 lead in the series. The last two times Lebron James played the Celtics in a game 6 situation, the Celtics went on to win the series, regardless of the win/loss state the game.

Game 6: 2010 Eastern Conference Semifinals
Boston Celtics 94 – Cleveland Cavaliers 85 
(Celtics moved on to Conference Finals)
James: 46 minutes, 27 points, 19 rebounds, 10 assists

Game 6: 2008 Eastern Conference Semifinals
Cleveland Cavaliers 74 – Boston Celtics 69
(Cavs forced a Game 7, which the Celtics won)
James: 47 minutes, 32 points, 12 rebounds, 6 assists

Chris Bosh, however, who played only fourteen minutes of Game 5, helped limit both Rondo and Garnett to very few points. Miami, consequently, led the game for the first three quarters of the ball game. It was only in the fourth quarter, when bosh was off the court, that the Celtics were able to rely on Garnett and clutch a 94-90 lead.

What Miami has to do to win: Chris Bosh and Lebron James will have to limit the production of Kevin Garnet and Rondo, while the Heat offense will need to be consistent against the Celtics zone defense.

What Boston has to do to hang on: Boston will have to adjust their offense around Chris Bosh and rebound, rebound, rebound. (Miami out rebounded Boston 49-39 Game 5.) 

Teaching in Dante's Inferno. Written in regards to "Ruin of Sacred truth" and "The sign of Satan"

The interpretation of Dante’s use of the Bible, especially as found in Dante’s Inferno, is often a point of contention among scholars. It is not questioned that Dante uses imagery in the Inferno that seems to mirror that of the Bible. For example, the souls in Canto XIX are punished by having their feet eternally burned. All recognize this as a parody of the Pentecost and Baptism where a flame above one’s head serves as a blessing. Scholars cite these perversions to try and prove that The Inferno mocks the Bible. One scholar, Harold Bloom goes as far as to say that the poet purposely misuses biblical references in an attempt to condemn Christian teaching and alter it into his perception. This essay will prove that Canto XIX demonstrated how Dante utilized examples of the Bible, in order to display its morality and confirm its teaching. Thus, he would have no reason to contradict what he already wrote by mocking the Bible through mirrored uses.  One way Dante is able to display his obedient views of scripture is through his accurate descriptions of biblical characters and their sins. In Canto XIX, Dante constantly references scripture by depicting characters, such as Simon Magnus, in accordance with their biblical descriptions. In addition to this, he designs the punishments of the souls in his book in concord with the teachings of the Bible. One way he portrays such concord is by having all the souls of the simoniacs suffer a punishment in Hell that Simon Magnus himself did on earth. Thus it can be seen that Dante does not use imagery in Hell to mock the Bible, but rather to set up Hell’s imperfection by the false way it mirrors perfection itself. As when the three heads of Satan serve the purpose to show him as the imperfect trinity. Through means of these arguments this paper will illuminate Dante’s reasoning for the parodies of Christian teaching.

           

In Canto XIX, Dante presents the act of simony as unjust, writing: “O Simon Magus! O disciples of his!/ Miserable pimps and hucksters, that have sold/ The things of God, troth-plight to righteousness,/Into adultery for silver and gold;^[1]” In the beginning lines of this Canto, Dante compares the simoniacs to ‘miserable pimps and hucksters.’ For what some scholars argue to be an anti-Christian parody, this comparison is notably contradicting. Dante is essentially stating that selling the things of God is no different than selling one’s body to profligacy. Furthermore, he goes on to use the word ‘adulterate’ implying simony as adultery against the church. Thus, Dante makes his comparison between simony and pimps even more fitting. Simply, Dante believes that the selling and buying of Church possessions is of comparable crime to being a pimp or a huckster. Not only does Dante bluntly state this in the very first four lines of the Canto, he uses an example from the Bible which should make any anti-Christian argument indisputable. Simon, who performed satanic like tricks, offered the apostles money in exchange for the ‘power’ of the Holy Spirit, as his. "Give me also this power, that any one on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit.^[2]” Dante portrays through means of these examples how profoundly he agrees with the teachings of the Bible and goes as far to use Simon, one of the worst examples of simony, as an example for his work. 

            Simony has already been established, through the use of Simon Magnus, as a crime against the Church. Dante furthers his views by taking the punishments that Simon Magnus endured in the Bible, and incorporates them into his punishments in the Inferno. In the Acts of Peter, Simon was a magician who tricked others into believing he performed miracles. Simon is later condemned by Peter who claims that his powers are not from God. In defense, Simon told the Romans that he was far mightier than both Peter and his God:  “If thy God is able, whom the Jews put to death, and stoned you that were chosen of him let him show that faith in him is faith in God, and let it appear at this time, if it be worthy of God. For I, ascending up, will show myself unto all this multitude, who I am.^[3]” Simon was then lifted before the crowd. Peter, however, cried out to the Lord: “O Lord, and let him fall from the height and be disabled; and let him not die but be brought to nought, and break his shank in three places.^[4]” Upon Peter’s exclamation, Simon fell to the ground and broke his leg, and rocks were thrown on him by the people. In Canto XIX, the reader will find that Dante incorporates Simon’s broken shank in the punishments of the Simoniacs.  One of Dante’s punishments for these souls was to be projected through holes while their shanks were held in by rock. “He brought me close the cleft, where he who made/ Such woeful play with his shanks was locked up fast.^[5]”  The use of the word ‘zanca’ or ‘shanks,’ is widely debated among those reading the Inferno. Many believe that by using shank, Dante merely meant to express the soul’s legs and therefore had no typological purpose for the word. Charles S. Singleton, however, believes that Dante precisely chose the word to draw the reader’s attention back to the fall of Simon Magnus. Although neither side can be explicitly proven, Singleton’s view has more evident reasoning.  First, Dante goes into great detail about the portion of the leg that can be seen above the rock: “li piedi e de le gambe infino al grosso.^[6]” This means: “The feet up to the calf.” The poet, therefore, goes out of his way to explain his meaning, eliminating the possibility that he merely meant the leg. Dante’s explanation applies specifically to the English word shank: “The part of the lower limb in humans between the knee and the ankle.^[7]” This is how Sayers, and many other translators, commonly translate ‘zanca.’

 Dante, only after already going out of his way to both concord his views with biblical teaching and incorporate its ideas, now uses another parallel. The souls endure endless flames upon their feet, which some, even after aforementioned context, believe to mock baptism. The flames, however, are not a blessing, but, a punishment. It therefore seems logical that the flames would be put on the feet rather than the head. Instead of wiping away original sins, the flames serve as a punishment. The punishment is fitting, since baptism is the receiving of the Holy Spirit, which the Simon Magnus and the Simoniacs sought to buy and sell. Thus, because Simon Magnus sinned against the Holy Spirit, the flames that were supposed to glorify the simoniacs on their heads, instead burn them on their feet. Adding to the relation between the punishment and the sin, is the Pentecost. The Holy Spirit put a flame upon the heads of the apostles and enabled them to speak in tongues. By this example, flames on the feet of the Simoniacs become even more clearly inversions of the Holy Spirit. The flames symbolism from here can mean one of two things to the reader. They can contradict what Dante has previously alluded to in the rest of the chapter and mock Baptism, or they can serve as to denounce the characters that suffer them rather than mock the Bible. Clearly, the non-contradicting option makes more sense, thus, Dante portrays to the reader multiple examples of biblical details and incorporates them into his Hell as a mirrored typology. This is to say, that hell is depicted as the distorted opposite of the Bible. 

            Dante uses countless examples when Hell curtains parodies of Christian symbols. This is to say that iconic Christian imagery and noted biblical text are used, but they appear in hell with an ironic twist. Harold Blooms believes that this serves the purpose of “mocking” Christian teaching.  Dante, he writes, “was essentially a sect of one, not as a pilgrim, but as a prophetic poet. Milton was Bible-haunted and yet attempted things both in completion with, and beyond the scope of the Bible. The Comedy, for all its learning, is not deeply involved with the Bible.” Dante, however, having already gone out of his way to approve and incorporate biblical teaching throughout his poem, has already implied to the reader that he had no intention of ridiculing the Bible. Reasonably, Dante used the perverted imagery of biblical symbols in order to set up Hell as the perversion of good. One place this is shown is in the City of Dis, specifically in Canto XXXIV. The beginning which begins: "'Vexilla Regis prodeunt Inferni' towards us; therefore look in front of thee," My Master said, "if thou discernest him.^[8]" The first words in Italian are taken from a poem by the Catholic Saint: Venantius Fortunatus. The poem itself was from part of a liturgy written in adulation for Christ. But, the poem is misquoted because of the added word “inferni.” Some scholars believe that Dante purposely has Virgil quote this hymn, right before approaching Lucifer, in order to condemn the hymn and its teaching^. This idea is as of two main evidences. First, the misquoted delineation of teaching, thus far throughout Dante’s poem, has always served the purpose of condemning the characters that utter them, rather than the teaching itself. Second, this idea is taken out of context from the rest of the Canto. In Canto XXXIV, Dante shows the character of Lucifer as the perversion of Christ. Thus, it is fitting that Virgil somewhat misuses or ‘perverts’ a poem related to Christ. The first way this perversion is shown is through the literal image of Lucifer himself.  “Were he as fair once,/ as he now is foul,/ And lifted up his brow against his Maker,/ Well may proceed from him all tribulation./ O, what a marvel it appeared to me,/ When I beheld three faces on his head!^[9]” Lucifer, by this depiction, is in many ways a contorted imitation of the Holy Trinity. Christian philosophy at the time of Dante, and now, believe that evil does not create, but mimics other things. When evil mimics, however, it perverts and distorts the image which it is trying to copy. It is therefore appropriate for Dante to portray Lucifer having three heads and one body, making a parody of the holy trinity. Adding to this, Lucifer is not able to speak other than with foul cries and moans. Instead, he is preoccupied with eternally consuming the souls of Judas, Brutus, and Cassius. This single aspect of Satan sets up a brilliant contrast between Christ and Lucifer. Christ is known as the word made flesh: “And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.^[10]” Since Christ can be acclaimed to this title, it is fitting for Lucifer to be both silent and everlastingly consuming souls; making Lucifer the opposite of the word and perversion of the Holy Eucharist.  Satan is therefore the perversion of the word made flesh. It must also be noted that by this point in the poem, Dante the character is in the center of the demonic universe and at the deepest level of Hell. Through these premises, Dante sets up the center of the universe as the perversion of the word made flesh, or simply, the perversion of Christ himself. By doing so, Dante expresses how Christ is the center of the universe even in Hell; however, He only exists in a mimicked form. Lastly, as intended by Dante , to complete this imagery, the City of Dis itself is a parallel of heaven or as described by St. Augustine, the City of God. “He from before me moved and made me stop, Saying: Behold Dis, and behold the place Where thou with fortitude must arm thyself how frozen I became and powerless then^[11]” The city of Dis contains dismal imagery of towers, gates, bridges, and mosques, all guarded by fallen angels. This mirrors the City of God which refutes pagan worship. Therefore, setting up Lucifer and the City of Dis as the distorted equal to Christ and the City of God.

---

^[1] Benfell, Stanley V. "Prophetic Madness: The Bible in Inferno XIX." Comp. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1st ser. 110 (1995): 1-19. 1st page.

² Singleton, Charles S. "Inferno XIX: O Simon Mago!" Comp. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 92-99 80 (1965) 1st page.

³ Dante, Alighieri. The Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine: Cantica I - Hell (l'Inferno). Trans. Dorothy L. Sayers. Harmondsworth. Canto XIX line(s) 1-4 {Eng.: Penguin, 1974. Print.

^[2] Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011. Print. Acts 8:19

^[3] IBID. Acts 23

^[4] IBID Acts 23

^[5] Dante, Alighieri. The Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine: Cantica I - Hell (l'Inferno). Trans. Dorothy L. Sayers. Harmondsworth. Canto XIX line(s) 43-44 {Eng.: Penguin, 1974. Print.

^[6] IBID Canto XIX line(s) 23.

^[7] "Leg (redirected from Lower Limb)." TheFreeDictionary.com. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. <http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lower limb>

^[8] Dante, Alighieri. The Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine: Cantica I - Hell (l'Inferno). Trans. Dorothy L. Sayers. Harmondsworth. Canto XXXIV line(s) 1 {Eng.: Penguin, 1974. Print.

^[9] Ibid Canto XXXIV line(s) 32-34

^[10]  Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011. Print. John 1:14

^[11] Dante, Alighieri. The Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine: Cantica I - Hell (l'Inferno). Trans. Dorothy L. Sayers. Harmondsworth. Canto XXXIV line(s) 19-21 {Eng.: Penguin, 1974. Print. 

An End to Tax Problems?

Here is a quickly sketched out idea for a progressive tax system based on the  original flat tax idea in 1982. This would theoretically bring the lower class to the middle class, the upper class to a slightly less rich upper class, and the middle class to a higher middle class. Large businesses will loose money, to avoid this prices will go slightly up, however, demand will go way down, forcing  businesses to put their prices back down.  

austinmulka.blogspot PFT 1 – Progressive tax Reform bill.

____________________________________________________________

Bill purpose: To construct a tax system based upon the original premises of the first proposed flat tax rate in 1982, to create jobs, to modify rules of and assure the declaration of gross income deduction. To create a progressive tax based upon income deduction, to avoid jobs being shipped overseas. To illuminate the differences between large and small companies and explain the need for progressive tax.

Progressive Flat Tax Forum(s)

Forum 1 Large Business Tax (example) for income 5,000,000 or less.

Business Name ________________ Employer Number _____________________

Location address ________________City/State Zip Code__________________

County_______________

             

A.               Gross income from sales ________

B.               Costs

1.                Purchases of goods and services _____

2.                Wages, Pensions, worker salaries _____

3.                Purchases of equipment, land, etc. _____

C.               Total Costs ______

D.               Income available to be taxed. _________

E.               Tax (15 percent?) ___________

F.                Tax loss Carry Forward (or tax loss Carry Back)

G.               Interest on net operating loss of carry forward (or carry back) (10 percent)

H.               Carry forward for next year_______

I.                 Foreign subsidiaries tax (15 percent on companies in the U.S.)

J.                Sales tax on company products who have subsidiaries in foreign countries (15 percent)

K.               Total Tax minus sales tax(J) _____________

Forum 2 large Business Tax (example) for income of 5,000,001-15,000,000

A.               Gross income from sales ________

B.               Costs

1. Purchases of goods and services _____

2. Wages, Pensions, worker salaries _____

3. Purchases of equipment, land, etc. _____

C.               Total Costs ______

D.               Income available to be taxed. _________

E.               Tax (20 percent?) ___________

F.                Tax loss Carry Forward (or tax loss Carry Back)

G.               Interest on net operating loss of carry forward (or carry back) (10 percent)

H.               Carry forward for next year_______

I.                 Foreign subsidiaries tax (25 percent on companies in U.S.)  

J.                Sales tax on company products who have subsidiaries in foreign countries (17.5 percent)

K.               Total Tax minus sales tax(J) _____________

 Forum 3 large Business Tax (example) for income of 15,000,000 or more.

A.               Gross income from sales ________

B.               Costs

1. Purchases of goods and services _____

2. Wages, Pensions, worker salaries _____

3. Purchases of equipment, land, etc. _____

C.               Total Costs ______

D.               Income available to be taxed. _________

E.               Tax (25 percent?) ___________

F.                Tax loss Carry Forward (or tax loss Carry Back)

G.               Interest on net operating loss of carry forward (or carry back) (10 percent)

H.               Carry forward for next year_______

I.                 Foreign subsidiaries tax (30 percent)  

J.                Sales tax on company products who have subsidiaries in foreign countries (25 percent)

K.               Total Tax minus sales tax(J) _____________

Forum 4 small business tax (example) for income of 100,000 or less.

A.               Gross income from sales ________

B.               Costs

1. Purchases of goods and services _____

2. Wages, Pensions, worker salaries _____

3. Purchases of equipment, land, etc. _____

C.               Total Costs ______

D.               Income available to be taxed. _________

E.               Tax (7.5 percent?) ___________

F.                Tax loss Carry Forward (or tax loss Carry Back)

G.               Interest on net operating loss of carry forward (or carry back) (10 percent)

H.               Carry forward for next year_______

I.                 Foreign subsidiaries tax (30 percent)  

J.                Sales tax on company products who have subsidiaries in foreign countries (25 percent)

K.               Total Tax minus sales tax(J) _____________

L.                

Forum 5 small business tax (example) for income of 250,000-500,000

A.               Gross income from sales ________

B.               Costs

1. Purchases of goods and services _____

2. Wages, Pensions, worker salaries _____

3. Purchases of equipment, land, etc. _____

C.               Total Costs ______

D.               Income available to be taxed. _________

E.               Tax (10 percent?) ___________

F.                Tax loss Carry Forward (or tax loss Carry Back)

G.               Interest on net operating loss of carry forward (or carry back) (10 percent)

H.               Carry forward for next year_______

I.                 Foreign subsidiaries tax (N/A percent)  

J.                Sales tax on company products who have subsidiaries in foreign countries (N/A percent)

K.               Total Tax minus sales tax(J) _____________

Forum 6 small business tax (example) for income of 1,000,000+

A.               Gross income from sales ________

B.               Costs

1. Purchases of goods and services _____

2. Wages, Pensions, worker salaries _____

3. Purchases of equipment, land, etc. _____

C.               Total Costs ______

D.               Income available to be taxed. _________

E.               Tax (10 percent?) ___________

F.                Tax loss Carry Forward (or tax loss Carry Back)

G.               Interest on net operating loss of carry forward (or carry back) (10 percent)

H.               Carry forward for next year_______

I.                 Foreign subsidiaries tax (N/A percent)  

J.                Sales tax on company products who have subsidiaries in foreign countries (N/A percent)

K.               Total Tax minus sales tax(J) _____________

Forum 7 Individual tax rate (example) for income of 60,000 or less.

A.               Salary + Wages ______

B.               Pensions ______

C.               Total_______

D.               Tax Allowance

1.                Married (10,000)

2.                Single (5,000)

3.                Single head of household (8500)

E.               Number of dependents ____

F.                Allowances for dependents. (Allowances multiplied by 2,100.)

G.               Total allowances (D + F) ______

H.               Total tax wage_______

I.                 Tax (10 percent of H)____

J.                Tax by employer______

K.               Tax due ________  

L.               Refund_________

Forum 8 Individual tax rate (example) for income of 60,001- 100,000

A.               Salary + Wages ______

B.               Pensions ______

C.               Total_______

D.               Tax Allowance

1.                Married (9,000)

2.                Single (4,500)

3.                Single head of household (8000)

E.               Number of dependents ____

F.                Allowances for dependents. (Allowances multiplied by 1,800.)

G.               Total allowances (D + F) ______

H.               Total tax wage_______

I.                 Tax (19 percent of H)____

J.                Tax by employer______

K.               Tax due ________  

L.               Refund_________

Forum 9 Individual tax rate (example) for income of 100,001 or more.

A.               Salary + Wages ______

B.               Pensions ______

C.               Total_______

D.               Tax Allowance

1.                Married (8.000)

2.                Single (3,500)

3. Single head of household (7,000)

E.               Number of dependents ____

F.                Allowances for dependents. (Allowances multiplied by 1,500.)

G.               Total allowances (D + F) ______

H.               Total tax wage_______

I.                 Tax (25 percent of H)____

J.                Tax by employer______

K.               Tax due ________  

L.               Refund_________

1. Reduction in marginal taxes

2. Eliminate the ability to pay taxes overseas through tax loopholes by forcing a sales tax on companies.

3. Tax on capital gains

4. Insurance and medical benefits will be added to taxable income.

5. Cap on interest deductions

6. Eliminate any state or local tax deductions on income.

7. Eliminate capital gains tax on stock market.

8. Gradually increase taxes on companies who have subsidiaries. Price will go up, demand will go down, price will go back down, demand will go back up.